This website section includes CURRENT & RECENT AREAS

CONTENTS

I METHOD FOR FOREIGN POLICY AREAS

II AREA DETAILS WITHOUT PRESUMPTION OF NOBLE PURPOSE

Global Warming/Climate Change Iran Gaza

Viet Nam Viet Nam: Agent Orange/dioxin/toxins children with birth defects

Africa Ukraine

  III RELATED MATTERS

100-Plus Coups

Voter Facts Commission Honor a Viet Nam vet by telling the truth

I METHOD FOR FOREIGN POLICY AREAS

The pervasive nature of the false claim means that America’s top university students in foreign policy are taught the false claim. Thus, those who enter government are unequipped to present the real reason to change from the Achilles Heel of US foreign policy, which has long been constructed by foreign policy leaders.

How this Achilles Heel operates is shown in Chapters 6 and 8 of Betrayed By Foreign Policy Fault Line 1619–2024, US In Viet Nam 1865–1975

A Chapter 6 of Betrayed opens with:

The simple Golden Rule forms the basis of an axiom on control by force: Wrongfully taking

other people’s property often causes them to fight back. Many children understand that

Nevertheless, US foreign policy has “applied one standard to Europeans and another to

everyone else,” a 2025 Foreign Affairs article reports.

That other standard often involves wrongful control over other nations’ resources and economy, which obviously anger many nice foreigners. Many fight back.

B On this Achilles Heel, Chapter 8 of Betrayed presents a three-step analysis on 9 sample areas of foreign policy:

Step 1. Remove the false presumption that US leaders have a noble purpose in the area, because it stems from the false claim hiding the ignoble, real reason for the US-Viet Nam War: business expansion by force.

Step 2. Without the false presumption of a noble purpose, what real purpose emerges, considering any common plan report, Signature Technique, or other fact?

Step 3.  Do the facts show any Signature Techniques like used against Viet Nam?

II AREA DETAILS WITHOUT THE PRESUMPTION OF NOBLE PURPOSE

(Some of this content differs from the 9 areas in Chapter 8 of Betrayed)

• GLOBAL WARMING/CLIMATE CHANGE: A SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP TO THE FALSE CLAIM ON VIET NAM

  • The global warming/climate change emergency bears a special relationship to the hidden false claim on Viet Nam, and this has resulted in increasing death rates, a severe threat to the future of young people today, and trillions of dollars. Penny-wise and pound-foolish describes the approach forced by the US right wing.

  • The false claim promotes the arrogance in American Exceptionalism. That arrogance is behind US rejections of the world’s emergency efforts to curb climate change. These US actions include:

    • Rejection of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol (Bush 2, right wing)

    • Withdrawal from the 2015  Paris Climate Accords (trump 1, right wing), and

    • Scoffing at the 2018 IPCC 12-year warning to take emergency action to curb global warming below 1.5C/2.7F degree average increase (trump 1 & 2, right wing).

  • The right wing arrogance on climate change is penny-wise pound-foolish. It has blocked attempts in the US to spend hundreds of billions of dollars on curbing climate change, so that instead, the  US now spends trillions on cleaning up the damage. With the worst yet to come, the young people of today will bear the sorrow of dealing with the penny-wise pound-foolish right wing of today’s USA.

  • The IPCC and 99.9 percent of climate scientists have predicted that a failure is highly likely to bring climate change catastrophe incompatible with civilization as we know it. For young people, a higher death rate is predicted from global warming. Already, climate change damage is coming from killer storms, uncontrollable wild fires, agricultural area droughts, wide heat waves, and huge floods. When global warming really hits, it will make those events look like child’s play.

  • Though the 12-year window has shrunk to less than 4 years remaining, IPCC leadership appears to be moving forward on a theory that—despite US opposition—a chance exists to somewhat curb the impending devastation and thus somewhat help young people of the future. As if recognizing the US Republicans’ long opposition, a June 20, 2026, IPCC Chair’s Keynote Address, ¶7, on curbing climate change spoke of: “complexity of the challenges and the diversity of actors involved . . . “a mix of policies. . . .”

    www.ipcc.ch/2026/06/26/keynote-ipcc-chair-jim-skea-joint-odi-fao-event/

  • Some US help for the IPCC effort could happen. In November 2026, US Democrats could win both houses with enough to override idiot Pres trump vetoes, then enact Green Energy. But the 2030 12-year window to catastrophe draws near.

  • Worsening wildfires and heat waves from global warming.

    • On July 20, 2026, during severe wildfires in the US, CNN News reported : “For decades, scientists have been warning us about the calamitous consequences of climate change. . . . But this summer proves we don’t have to wait until the future for climate change to smack us in the face. From torrid heat waves, to deadly flash floods, to raging wildfires and their associated acrid smoke — the signs are all around us, right now.” [1]

    • In late June 2026, 10,000 excess deaths occurred during a record heat wave in Europe. www.reuters.com/business/environment/europe-recorded-10000-excess-deaths-during-late-june-heatwave-data-show-2026-07-12/

    • On August 2, 2026, NBC News reported: “Climate change is significantly contributing to the severity of wildfires in Europe, with scientists stating that human-caused climate change has made extreme fire conditions at least twice as likely,” [2]

  • Wildfires and lack of wisdom. In July 2026, smoke from Canadian wildfires caused problems in the US. In response, President trump--uneducated in science, foreign policy, ethics, and religion—has threatened retaliatory tariffs. This is an example of trump’s stupider-than-Goofy approach, failing to address the climate change cause of the smoke, and the US failure since 2018 (and before) to join other nations in the attempt to curb it.

• IRAN

  • On US attacks in Iran in 2026, media reports conceal the real post-Viet Nam foreign policy, by claiming that the trouble started in 1979 when Iran opposed the US. Those reports omit that in 1953, US leaders overthrew democracy in Iran. The 1953 overthrow of democracy in Iran was part of the system of US business expansion by force during 1619–2026, including in Viet Nam 1865–1954.

  • That 1953 overthrow was done to benefit US oil companies and Overseas Consultants Inc., a consortium of 11 engineering firms. US leaders—including decades-long colonialists, the Dulles brothers—had struck a development deal with the shah of Iran. However, Iran’s parliament blocked the deal, saying it would set Iran back decades. So, US leaders instigated a coup. Iran’s prime minister Mossadegh was ousted. During 1954–79, the shah ruled by terror. It included hanging people from hooks.

    The 2015 Iran nuclear deal limited Iran’s nuclear development to 3% enriched uranium, backed by intrusive inspections, and it achieved another benchmark for world peace: The deal established diplomacy between the two countries. This was a major result. It started the two nations to work past the US overthrow of Iran’s democray.

  • A misguided US racist, the unqualified President trump, withdrew from that 2015 Iran nuclear deal .

  • In attacking Iran, President trump superficially states the false reasoning about the US-Viet Nam War, which this writer’s revelation and books expose. Pres trump falsely said, “Problem with Vietnam, we you know, we stopped fighting to win. We would have won easy. . . .” Like President trump, President Reagan falsely said in 1980 that the war in Viet Nam was “a noble cause.” Reagan falsely posited: “There is a lesson for all of us in Vietnam. If we are forced to fight, we must have the means and the determination to prevail.” This writer’s two books, the Welcome page to this website, and Substack articles by this writer explain how that is error.

• GAZA

  • In 1943, a State Dept report said a two-state solution was necessary to avoid deep-seated resentments, and that this solution would require “statesmanlike guidance.” This was similar to the overriding of “tripartite cooperation” on Ukraine (see below). This similarity is one of many items of proof of a common plan for business expansion worldwide, often by force. See Betrayed.

  • Diplomatic guidance would still have a high probability of achieving a two-state solution. For, in 2026, about 157 nations out of Earth’s 195 nations recognize Palestine as a state. As a superpower, the US could join them, stop arming Israel, and call for a two-state solution.

  • Because of the predicted deep-seated resentments, Hamas attacked Israel one day in 2023. Since then, the US has sent weapons to Israel, with which Israel has bombed Gaza for over two years, killing at least 14,000 children. Many more children, lacking antibiotics commonly available in the US, have had limbs amputated because no other way existed to stop gangrene from setting in.

  • In June 2024, the US alone vetoed a United Nations resolution that demanded a ceasefire. The ceasefire would be a big step to a two-state solution. For, a ceasefire by definition means to stop shooting and bombing. That would bring the US into a commitment to enforce a ceasefire. So, the US would stop backing Israel’s attacks and instead would start exercising “statesmanlike guidance” backed by that solid majority of nations.

• VIET NAM

  • For the US public, a challenge has arisen from Viet Nam’s May 30, 2025 50th anniversary celebration parade, of Viet Nam’s victory over the US. The public can meet that challenge, based on the 100 percent proof of a pre-1954 US business rip-off in Viet Nam enabled by force, as revealed in this writer’s books. This is explained in my Substack article May 7, 2025 (Click bold print for link) “Viet Nam Celebration Parade Places Worldwide Truth Question to US Public.” The challenge appeared when the main speaker at the parade said that Viet Nam and the US are in a Strategic Partnership, but also that the war was a US imperial invasion. US leaders have long denied that. So, it is time for the US public to step forward. Please click here for a link to my April 23, 2025 Substack article, “50th Anniversary of April 30 Viet Nam Victory for Sovereign Peace by Courage: Opportunity for US Public to Join in that Truth, & End US Leaders’ False Claims.”

  • As of May 7, 2025, 234 likes appeared in the first 8 days of my reply to (click here for link) YouTube video titled “Veterans Return to Vietnam 50 years after the fall of Saigon.” (See my 3rd comment.) These “Likes” indicate that some voters and/or students are piqued at the US government not telling them of the false claim that put the US public unwittingly into Viet Nam, and that since 1975 has supported business expansion, often by force. My reply gives easy access to the 1954 Geneva Accords on Indochina (Viet Nam). Search in your browser for Avalon Project, Indochina. Upon downloading the July 1954 Geneva Accords, you will see that Articles 1 and 14(a) show the Accords DID NOT create a “North Viet Nam.” Because most people in the US public falsely believe the US entered Viet Nam in 1954 to fight communism from a country called “North Viet Nam,” many falsely believe it was for a noble purpose. So, many also believe, falsely, that US foreign policy has continued to be noble over the decades into 2025.

    Readers may also click this link for my April 18, 2025 Substack article “Viet Nam Prepares 50th Anniversary Celebration of April 30, 1975 Victory: In the US, new proof confirms it was a US colonial war.”

• VIET NAM: AGENT ORANGE/DIOXIN/TOXINS CHILDREN WITH BIRTH DEFECTS

  • In 2022, an international symposium in Ha Noi showed the world that about 150,000 children in Viet Nam were living with birth defects from Agent Orange/dioxon/toxins the US sprayed during the US-Viet Nam War. (Readers may also click on the Agent Orange/dioxin page in this website) The Viet Nam Association of Victims of Agent Orange/dioxin (VAVA) informs this writer that the 150,000 is a best estimate, given the high death rate among these children. Thus, in 2025, Viet Nam has more than 100,000 children (this writer’s estimate) who have birth defects from those chemical sprays.

  • In 1959, the US government proved that dioxin, in some cases, killed or caused serious disease. But during 1961–1971, civilian leaders sprayed dioxin in far greater concentrations than allowed in the US for weed control. They did it in support of their attack that attempted to continue the 1865–1954 US business that was enabled by force. US leaders often assert that people must take responsibility for their actions. But US leaders have failed to inform voters about the victims and the reason for the spraying.

• AFRICA

  • Changing the international landscape, Ghana and Burkina Faso have signed an agreement in 2026 setting up leadership toward unified African development no longer controlled by the US and Europe. A series of coups since 2022 have asserted that the West has continued colonial-style control over some African nations’ economies, while the citizens live in poverty.

  • The unhappy background was that in 1960, as 17 African nations tried to emerge from colonialism, the US-backed Belgian coup in the Congo—the world’s most mineral-rich nation—kept colonial-style economic control in those nations. Among many sources, Professor Didier Gondola writes: “The five years that followed Congo’s independence , , , provides eloquent testimony both about the responsibility of Western powers for Africa’s turmoil and about the troubled nature of African governance.” Professor Godfrey Mwakikagile’s 2019 work, The history of Congo, shows that 17 nations emerged from colonialism in 1960, but that the supposed post-colonial Africa is in a mess today, with widespread poverty. [3]

  • Likewise, in 2026, the Permanent Representative of the African Union to the United Nations, H.E. Mohamed Edrees, said in an interview with PanaGenius News, that Africa was “a double victim of colonialism.” He discussed that colonialism produced post-colonial, international political and financial systems that continue to preserve the interests of former powers, rather than allowing African countries a fair share of their own wealth. Such systems include the UN Security Council, the global financial system, and some of international trade. [4]

  • Even now as much of Africa seeks to be free of arrogant and abusive Western control, the US State Department, at an international symposium in late July 2026, presented an erroneous map of six African nations showing each one in a wrong place on an outline of the continent. Some attendees live-streamed the ridiculous map, and hundreds of thousands of people quickly saw the error. This not only follows decades of disregard of Africa’s real situation, it is also an example of US President trump—ill-educated in history, foreign relations, geography, ethics, and religion—having failed to have qualified people in much of government. The mistake is pointed out in various news outlets. Reuters headlined it: US government map of Africa mislabels every country at global conference.

  • Showing that the US has been on the wrong side in Africa, the side of that denial of African economic independence:

    • A joint US-France mutual security system for business expansion by force is exposed and documented in Betrayed. It has existed at least during 1865–2024. Part of the time it operated in Viet Nam. Part of the time it operated in Africa. [5]

    • Nick Turse Reported in 2015 that “the United States has been developing a back-to-the-future military policy by making common cause with one of the continent’s former European colonial powers in a set of wars that seem to be spreading, not stanching violence and instability.” Turse added specifics: [6]

      • Turse teported that June saw members of the 2nd Brigade Combat Team deployed to Niger, Uganda, Ghana, and on two separate missions to Malawi; in July, troops from the team traveled to Burundi, Mauritania, Niger, Uganda, and South Africa; August deployments included the Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, South Africa, Niger, two missions in Malawi, and three to Uganda; September saw activities in Chad, Togo, Cameroon, Ghana, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Uganda, and Malawi; in October, members of the unit headed for Guinea and South Africa; November’s deployments consisted of Lesotho, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda, and Guinea; while December’s schedule involved activities in South Sudan, Cameroon, and Uganda. All told, the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division carried out 128 separate “activities” in twenty-eight African countries during all of 2013.

  • A 2022 Burkina Faso coup ousted a Western-oriented leader. Since then, Burkina Faso has started development projects. Its President Ibrahim Traore says, “Africa is a continent blessed with natural resources, water, and food, yet it is categorized as one of the world’s poorest continents. . . .” Business Insider reports that “Burkina Faso has launched a $64 billion National Development Plan for 2026–2030 to reshape its economy and foster inclusive growth.” Traore said in 2024, “Perhaps everything we’ve done has surprised you, hasn’t it? Don't worry more changes are coming that might still surprise you. We will break every tie that has kept us in slavery”[7]

  • And in February 2026, Burkina Faso and Ghana signed an agreement, of which African Leadership Magazine reports: “It speaks to how Africa intends to secure its trade corridors, manage its borders, and anchor its development in an era of insecurity.” [8]

  • Many more Africans are working to undo the post-Congo-coup colonial-style system. Examples include:

    • Niger kicked the US out in 2024 because “the US provided ‘security’ for France, while it claimed economic rights in former colonies.” The US-backed French had been paying 1/250th the value of Niger uranium while much of Niger was in poverty. The US troop withdrawal was completed in August 2024. [9].

    • “Nigeria's Dangote Refinery overtakes the U.S. as Europe’s top jet fuel supplier, exporting 466,000 tonnes in June amid shifting global fuel flows,” is reported July 13, 2026 in various sources. [10]

    • In 2026, 25 stock exchanges exist across Africa. While this contributes to difficulty in opening for investments from the African diaspora in the US and Europe, (1) some of these stock exchanges are outperforming stock markets in the US and Europe, and (2) some individual projects have received substantial investments from the diaspora. As the leadership of Burkina Faso and some other nations shows, the stock exchanges present an enormous potential for the African diaspora to invest in Africa’s growth. In 2024, the diaspora sent $95 billion in small individual assistance payments such as from family members to family members for basic necessities and for schools for children. That was more than foreign aid programs sent. This shows the diaspora has a potential of funding much of Africa’s growth as Africa shakes off the real US foreign policy of business-by-force such as used in Viet Nam and hidden by the false claim. [11]

    • A plan is underway to extend the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) to include Caribbean nations. That will move forwared when Ghana becomes the chair of the African Union (AU) in 2027. [12]

    • The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Secretariat has entered into a 20-year concession agreement worth $3.1 billion with Nigeria’s Bergmans Security Consultants and Supplies Ltd to implement a unified customs modernization system across 50 African countries, in a major push to strengthen regional trade and plug revenue losses. [13]

• UKRAINE For cites in this section, see this writer’s book, Betrayed.

  Like in Viet Nam, the US leaders’ pursuit of business expansion, often by force, controlled their approach to Eastern Europe, including Ukraine. US leaders overrode their own recognition of “tripartite cooperation” as the best road to peace and mutual trade. This was similar to the overriding of “statesmanlike guidance” on Gaza (see above).

• This similarity is one of many items of proof of a common plan for business expansion worldwide, often by force. See Betrayed.

• The real purpose in Eastern Europe, including Ukraine, arises in that US leaders in the 1990s (1) overrode their own 1942 common plan report that said “tripartite cooperation” could lead to beneficial economic development in Eastern Europe (Ukraine), Russia, and the US; and (2) denied Russian concerns about invasions from Eastern Europe. The 1942 report said:

. . . by the combined influence of Great Britain, the United States and Russia, the Soviet Union would

be able to relax the strain of its armaments and to turn its efforts towards realizing the long-deferred

promises of a higher standard of living for its own peoples. By controlling German armaments in

cooperation with Britain and the United States, and by promoting the pacification and consolidation

of East Central Europe through a similar policy of tripartite cooperation, Russia would be able to devote

a far larger share of its industrial effort to the production of goods for consumption. (Italics added.)

Early cooperation occurred as World War II ended. The US and Soviets entered an agreement on spheres of influence for each, with Russia gaining influence over Eastern Europe. (See, Corporate Tsunami, Ch 19.)

In 1991, the door opened even wider for “tripartite cooperation,” as the USSR and the Warsaw Pact both ended. That removed the main reason for NATO to exist. Prof. Mary Sarotte points out in Not One Inch that, “The big play in Europe would have been to create a dynamic that established lasting cooperation, rather than confrontation.”

Russia’s concern for security was known to virtually all US diplomats. In World War II, Germany invaded Russia through Ukraine and other Eastern European countries. Russia lost 28 million people. So, US Secretary of State James Baker posed a hypothetical bargain, Professor Mary Sarotte says. In 1990, Baker asked, ‘what if you let your part of Germany go, and we agree NATO will “not shift one inch eastward from its present position?”

In a false debate, some US people say Baker’s statement was not formalized in an agreement or treaty. However, when Baker’s statement was made, it was virtually universally known among US diplomats that Russia had a concern about being invaded through Eastern Europe.

But after the USSR withdrew its troops and the US achieved access to East Germany, US leaders changed from Baker’s statement about not extending NATO. “[T]o hell with that,” Pres George H. W. Bush said in 1990. Other US leaders followed suit. By 2009, US leaders had gradually increased NATO from 12 members to 28.

The 2008 Bucharest Declaration declared that Ukraine and Georgia “will become members of NATO.” This was the breaking point, Not One Inch highlights.

       III RELATED MATTERS

100-PLUS COUPS

In this section, for ease of referring to sources, citations are kept with each paragraph.

• The January 2026 US attack on Venezuela is a recent action among the 100-plus coups, destabilizations, and invasions by US leaders since 1945. At least 118 such actions were done during 1947–89. “All told, Democratic presidents authorized at least fifty-six regime changes during the eighteen years that they were in power during the Cold War (1947–89), compared to at least sixty-two missions by Republican presidents during their twenty-five years in charge. O’Rourke, Lindsey A. (2018). Covert Regime Change: America’s Secret Cold War, US and London: Cornell University Press, p. 97, Kindle location 2385.

• Between 1947 and 1989, “a carefully documented historical record” of 70 such actions aimed at regime change were pointed out by economist Jeffrey Sachs, when he spoke at a January 2026 emergency meeting of the UN Security Council. Jeffrey Sachs speech citation: www.youtube.com/watch?v=rTCnOD_szRw&t=413s   DRM News, Jan. 5, 2026, “Jeffrey Sachs Blasts US Power Grab Over Venezuela, Maduro Capture at Historic UN Meeting,” 00:58–01:24.

• Partial list of coups. Roesch, B. (2020) Corporate Tsunami in Countryside Paradise : 1875– 1900 Origin of US War in Viet Nam. US: Voter Knowledge Pres, Appendix III.

• Over 80 election interferences. Chomsky, N. & Nathan J. Robinson (2024). The Myth of American Idealism : How U.S. Foreign Policy Endangers the World. NY: Penguin Publishing Group, p. 27, Kindle location 534.

• System of coups, destabilizations, and invasions from 1945 through 2024. Roesch, Brian (2026). Betrayed By Foreign Policy Fault Line 1619–2024, US In Viet Nam 1865–1975. US: Voter Knowledge Press.

VOTER FACTS COMMISSION

The failure to inform voters about basic facts on business expansion by force, the real reason for the major US-Viet Nam War, and around the world into today, violates a bedrock principle of democracy spotlighted in 2004 by Walter Russell Mead, a Senior Fellow of the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR): [14]
And while American foreign policy is studied in great detail by professionals and scholars, it must ultimately
be debated and decided by tens of millions of voters.

Viet Nam veteran Oliver Stone pointed out in 2017: “In the 13 wars we’ve started over the past 30 years. . . . call it what you will—the military-industrial-security-money-media complex—it’s a system that has been perpetuated under the guise that these are just wars . . . but in the name of that wealth, we cannot justify our system as a center for the world’s values, when we continue to create such war and chaos in the world. . . .” [15]

Voters are urged to insist on the establishment of a Voter Facts Commission to secure basic facts on foreign policy, and to issue reports to the public on various viewpoints. Rather than hide the ball, a government of, by, and for the people would welcome such a method to partner with voters. This would allow the public to debate basic questions, such as: Should the US pursue resource control by force or fair trade by diplomacy?.

Shut out from basic facts, the US public cannot even see the common policy proposed in a 1943 report for the State Department: [16]

to secure the limitation of any exercise of sovereignty by foreign nations that constitutes a threat
to the minimum world area essential for the security and economic prosperity of the United States and
the Western Hemisphere. [Italics added.]

HONOR A VIET NAM VETERAN. Do this by pointing out the truth: US leaders lied to them and the public and so some voters unwittingly support ongoing pursuit of US business expansion enabled by force. In Viet Nam, US soldiers were undercut by US civilian leaders not telling them that US corporations and government had operated there for decades, enabled by terror under the French invasion and subsequenst US invasion. That pitted US soldiers against patriots who were fighting for their homes and country. The dead and maimed soldiers and their families deserve the truth to be told to US voters. For, withholding the truth, US leaders escaped corrective action by voters.

ENDNOTES

[1] Wildfires in US, climate change events. edition.cnn.com/2026/07/20/climate/climate-compounding-disasters-summer Climate 5 min read Fires, floods and record heat: This is the summer of compounding disasters By Andrew Freedman,

[2] Climate change wildfires in Europe human caused. shiftnews.com/article/f63766ef-3bd0-40d8-854b-807f29623310?category=News&utm_source=discover_old 2 firefighting helicopters collide midair near Athens as Europe's wildfire emergency rages. Original Story by  NBC News August 2, 2026  News.

[3] West 1960–65 responsibility. Gondola, C. (2002). The history of Congo (Greenwood histories of the modern nations). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, p. 115. Rich nations and post-colonial Africa poor; mess today; Independence to 17 nations 1960. Mwakikagile, G. (2019). Post-colonial Africa; A General Survey, Amazon Digital Services LLC, Chapters Two, Seven, Kindle locations 1155, 6078–6222, 6436, 9500.

[4] Africa double victim says AU Rep. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1Cpin8EXBg Inside The African Union: An Exclusive Conversation With H.E. Mohamed Edrees

[5] Joint US-France mutual security system. Roesch, B. (2026). Betrayed By  Foreign Policy Fault Line 1619–2024, US In Viet Nam 1865–1975, pp. 77–81.

[6] US in Africa. Turse, N. (2015). Tomorrow's battlefield : US proxy wars and secret ops in Africa. Chicago, Illinois: Dispatch Books : Haymarket Books, Kindle locations 1069 (silence on failures), 1368 (deployments), and 3459– 3759 (not full information).

[7] Burkina Faso coup and development> Ibrahim Traore is Already Changing Burkina Faso with These 7 New Mega Projects https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EhaPhNjmERQ. Burkina Faso development plan. Business Insider Africa. https://www.facebook.com/businessinsiderssa/posts/burkina-faso-has-launched-a-64-billion-national-development-plan-for-20262030-to/951523367434608/. Traore on getting Africa out of slavery. President Traore Destroys French Economy With New Currency Sira Backed By Gold. Africa Reloaded   March 11, 2025     

[8] Burkina Faso and Ghana agreement. www.africanleadershipmagazine.co.uk/ghana-and-burkina-faso-forge-new-path-for-african-integration/

[9] France pay 1/250 for uranium, France in Niger, world’s 7th largest uranium producer, under- paid value of uranium The New Tourist (8 Sept, 2023). And see, Roesch, Betrayed. US in Niger, drone bases strategic location, intvw of Stephanie Savell of Brown Univ. Costs of War project. Democracy Now. (1 Aug, 2023). “Did Western Military Presence Help Foster Coup in Niger, Where U.S. Has Drone Base & 1,000+ Troops?” https://www.democracynow. org/2023/8/1/ Niger_coup US training locals to fight insurgencies, air operations from Niger for intelligence for France in other countries. Turse, N. (2015). Tomorrow's battlefield : US proxy wars and secret ops in Africa. Chicago, Illinois: Dispatch Books : Haymarket Books, Kindle Locations 402, 480, 1041 (blow-back). Mwakikagile, Post-colonial Africa, p. 453, Kindle location 6093. US military policy on Africa. Turse, Tomorrow’s Battlefield, Kindle location 1058.

[10] Nigeria refinery. www.youtube.com/post/UgkxgTc2gb45tXWIEgpdxueQEJWE1Xx6g0Dd (PanaGenius News); www.riotimesonline.com/dangote-jet-fuel-europe-2026.

[11] Africa’s stock markets and diaspora. Africa's Stock Markets Are Crushing America—So Why Isn't Anyone Talking About It? Africa's Stock Markets Are Crushing America—So Why Isn't Anyone Talking About It? - YouTube 26:00 28:00 of 33:40.

[12] Plan Caribbean nations jon AfCFTA. Ghanaian Times, 5 August, 2026. ghanaiantimes.com.gh/pres-mahama-to-champion-afcfta-expansion-to-caribbean/

[13] Nigeria customs modification system. www.reuters.com/world/africa/african-free-trade-agency-taps-nigerian-firm-31-billion-customs-overhaul-project-2026-08-06/

[14] Voters ultimately decide. Mead, W. (2004). Power, Terror, Peace, and War : America’s Grand Strategy in a World at Risk. NY: Vintage Books. A Council on Foreign Relations Book; Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, p. 6, Kindle location 129.

[15] Oliver Stone on wars US started and chaos. WGA West (2017, Feb. 20). “James Woods presents the 2017 Writers Guild Laurel Award for Screenwriting to Oliver Stone.” Youtube, 9:50–12:20 of 12:25.

[16] Limit sovereignty. Council on Foreign Relations report E-B19, “The War and United States Foreign Policy: Needs of Future United States Foreign Policy” (October 9, 1940). Quote on limitation of sovereignty. Chomsky, N. (Nov. 4, 2011). Changing Contours of Global Order, Professor Noam Chomsky, YouTube Video, Publ. by Deakin University (Nov. 11, 2011), 18:07–18:28, of 1:18:00.